MP Board Class 12th Biology Solutions Chapter 2 Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants

MP Board Class 12th Biology Solutions Chapter 2 Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants

Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants NCERT Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Name the parts of an angiosperm flower in which development of male and female gametophyte take place.
Answer:
Development of male gametophyte takes place in anther and female gametophyte in ovary.

Question 2.
Differentiate between microsporogenesis and megasporogenesis. Which type of cell division occurs during these events? Name the structure formed at the end of these two events.
Answer:
Differences between Microsporogenesis and Megasporogenesis:

No.	Microsporogenesis	Megasporogenesis
1.	In this process haploid microspores are formed from diploid microspore motto’cell.	In this process, haploid megaspores are formed from diploid megaspore mother cell.
2	The four microspores formed from a single microspore mother cell are generally aranged in a tetrahedral structure.	The four megaspores formed from a megaspore mother cell are arranged in die from of a linear tetrad.
3.	All the four microspores arranged in a tetrahedral tetrad are functional.	Only one megaspore remain functional while the other three degenerates.

Meiosis Occurs during micro and megasporogenesis microspores (Pollen grain) are formed at the end of micro sporogenesis and female gametophyte (enibro sac) are formed at the end of megasporogenesis.

Question 3.
Arrange the following terms in the correct developmental sequence:
Pollen grain, sporogenous tissue, microspore tetrad, pollen mother cell, male garnets.
Answer:
Sporogenous tissue → Pollen mother cell → Microspore → Tetrad → Pollen grain → Male garnets.

Question 4.
With a neat, labelled diagram, describe the parts of a typical angiosperm ovule.
Answer:
Structure of Ovule: Each ovule consists of the following parts as visible in a longitudinal section:

• • A small stalk or funicle by which the ovule remains attached with the placenta of the
    ovary.
  • Hilum is the point at which it is attached with the ovule. In inverted ovule the funicle fuses with the main body of the ovule and is called as raphe.
  • The ovule is surrounded on all sides by two integuments but not at the apex where an aperture called micropyle is present. This end of the ovule is called as micropylar, while the end of the ovule opposite to it is called as chalazal end.
  • Embryo sac is situated inside the nucellus.
  • Towards the micropyle end of embryo sac one egg or oospore and two synergids are found, and towards the chalaza end of embryo sac three antipodal cells are found. At the centre secondary nuclei is found.
    

Question 5.
What is mean by monosporic development of a female gametophyte ?
Answer:
Out of theTour megaspores, three degenerate and only one remains funtional which develops in, to a female gametophyte or embryo sac. This is called monosporic development, i.e., when embryosac develops from one single megaspore it is called monosporic embryo sac.

Question 6.
With a neat diagram explain the 7-celled, 8-nucleate nature of the female gametophyte.
Answer:
Explanation: Nucleus of the functional megaspore undergoes mitosis resulting in 2-nuclei that move to two opposite poles forming 2-nucleate embryo sac.
Two more mitotic nuclear divisions result in 4-nucleate and later 8-nucleate stages of the embryo sac. so, far no cytokinesis (cytoplasmic division) has taken place.
Now cell walls start to build leading to the organisation of female gametophyte or embryo sac.

Six of the 8-nuclei are bound by cell wall and the remaining 2-celled polar nuclei lie below the egg apparatus in the large central cell.
Seven-celled stage
Three cells are grouped together at the micropylar end and constitute the egg appara¬tus, which is constituted of two synergids and one egg cell.
Three cells at the chalazal end are called antipodals. The large central cell has 2-polar nuclei.
Thus, a typical angiosperm embryo sac at maturity is 7-celled but 8-nucleated as the central cell has 2-nuclei

Question 7.
What are chasmogamous flowers? Can cross pollination occur in cleistogamous flower ? Give resion for your answer.
Answer:
Chasmogamous flowers are open flowers with exposed stamens and stigma which facilitate cross pollination.
No cross pollination occurs in cleistogamous flowers. As these flowers are closed and never open and thus no transfer of pollen from outside to stigma of the flower is possible. So there are no occurs cross pollination.

Question 8.
Mention two strategies evolved to prevent self-pollination in flowers.
Answer:
Two strategies evolved to prevent self-pollination are :
(i) Pollen release and stigma receptivity is not synchronized.
(ii) Anthers and stigma are placed at such positions that pollen doesn’t reach stigma.

Question 9.
What is self-incompatibility ? Why does self-pollination not lead to seed forma¬tion in self-incompatible species ?
Answer:
Self-incompatibility is a genetic mechanism to prevent self pollen from fertilizing the ovules by inhibiting pollen germination or pollen tube growth in the pistil.
In these cases, self-pollination does not lead to seed formation because fertilization is inhibited.

Question 10.
What is bagging technique? How is it useful in a plant breeding programme?
Answer:
It is the covering of female plant with butter paper or polythene to avoid their contamination from foreign pollens during breeding programme.

Question 11.
What is triple fusion? Where and how does it take place ? Name the nuclei involved in triple fusion?
Answer:
Triple fusion refers to the process of fusion of three haploid nuclei. It takes place in the embryo sac.
The 3-nuclei that fuse together are, nucleus of the male gamete and 2-polar nuclei of the central cell to produce a triploid primary endosperm nucleus.

Question 12.
Why do you think the zygote is dormant for sometime in a fertilized ovule?
Answer:
The zygote is dormant in fertilized ovule for sometime because at this time, endosperm needs to develop. As endosperm is the source of nutrition for the developing embryo, the nature ensures the formation of enouth endosperm tissue before starting the process of embryogenesis.

Question 13.
Differentiate between:
(a) Hypocotyl and Epicotyl
(b) Colcoptile and Coleorhiza
(c) Integument and Testa
(d) Perisperm and Pericarp.
Answer:
(a) Differences between Hypocotyl and Epicotyl:

No.	Hypocotyl	Epicotyl
1.	lies between the radicle and the point lies between the radicle and the point of attachment of colyledons is called hypocotyl.	The region of the embryonal axis that lies between the plumule and cotyledons is called epicotyl.
2.	Hypocotyl pushes the seed above the soil in epigeal germination	Epicotyl pushes the plumule above the soil in hypogeal germination.
3.	It is an important component of embryonic root system.	It is an important component of embryonic shoot system.

(b) Differences between Coleoptile and Coleorhiza:

No.	Coleoptile	Coleorhiza
1.	The shoot apex and few leaf primordia are enclosed in epicotyl region is called coleoptile	The redicle and rootcap are situated at the lower end of embryonal axis are enclosed by protective sheath called coleorhiza.
2	It comes out of the soil.	It remains inside the soil.

(c) Differences Between Integement and Testa:

No.	Integument	Testa
1.	It is the protective covering of the ovule	It is the protective covering of the seed
2.	It is part of pre fertilisation	It is a part of post fertilisation.

(d) Differences between Peris perm and Pericarp:

No.	Perisperm	Pericarp
1.	It is the part of nucellus which remains in	Ovary is convert into pericarp after
2	It is a part that belongs to seed	It is a part that belongs to fruit.
3.	It is usually dry.	It can be dry and fleshy.

Question 14.
Why is apple called a false fruit? Which parts of the flower forms the fruit?
Answer:
Apple is called a false fruit because it develops from the thalamus instead of ovary (thalamus is the enlarged structure at the the base of the flower).

Question 15.
What is meant by emasculation? When and why does a plant breeder employ this technique?
Answer:
Emasculation means removal of anthers, with a forceps, from the flower bud before dehiscence.
Plant breeder employs this technique to prevent contamination of stigma with the undesired pollen. This is useful in artificial hybridisation, where desired pollen is required.

Question 16.
If one can induce parthenocarpy through the application of growth substances, which fruits would you select to induce parthenocarpy and why?
Answer:
Oranges, lemons, lichis could be potential fruits for inducing the parthenocarpy because seedless variety of these fruits would be much appreciated by the consumers.

Question 17.
Explain the role of tape turn in the formation of pollengrain wall.
Answer:
Tapetum is the innermost layer of the microsporangium. It produces the exine layer of the pollen grains, which is composed of the sporopollenin, the most resistant fatty, substance.
During microsporongenesis, the cells of tapetum produce various enzymes, hormones, amino acids and other nutritious material required for the development of pollen grains.

Question 18.
What is apomixis and what is its importance?
Answer:
Apomixis is the process of asexual production of seeds, without fertilisation.
The plants that grow from these seeds are identical to the mother plant.

Uses :

• It is a cost effective method for producing seeds.
• It has great use for plant breeding when specific traits of a plant have to be pre¬served.

Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants Other Important Questions and Answers

Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants Objective Type Questions

1. Choose the Correct Answers:

Question 1.
Fertilization process is:
(a) Fusion of male gamete with egg
(b) Transference of pollengrains to stigma
(c) Fusion of polar nucleus with male gamete
(d) Formation of seed from ovule.
Answer:
(a) Fusion of male gamete with egg

Question 2.
Female gametophy te of angiosperms is:
(a) Megaspore mother cell
(b) Ovule
(c) Endosperm
(d) Nucellus.
Answer:
(c) Endosperm

Question 3.
Effect of nector demonstrate by Xenia word on:
(a) Morphological tissue
(b) Root
(c) Flower
(d) Endosperm.
Answer:
(d) Endosperm.

Question 4.
In a diploid flowering plant, no. of chromosomes are 12, then 6 chromosomes will be present in:
(a) Cotyledons cells
(b) Endospermic cells
(c) Synergids cells
(d) Leaf cells.
Answer:
(c) Synergids cells

Question 5.
Seed coats of seed after fertilization develop from:
(a) Integuments
(b) Endosperms
(c) Chalaza
(d) Ovule.
Answer:
(a) Integuments

Question 6.
Perispermis:
(a) Degenerative secondary nucleus
(b)Apomixis
(c) Peripheral part of endosperm
(d) Parthenogenesis.
Answer:
(b)Apomixis

Question 7.
Development of ovary into fruit from ovule without fertilization, the process is called:
(a) Parthenio ovule
(b) Apomixis
(c) Pathenocarpy
(d) Parthenogenesis.
Answer:
(c) Pathenocarpy

Question 8.
Mitotic cell division in an ovule takes place in:
(a) Nucellus
(b) Megaspore mother cell
(c) Macrosporangia
(d) Archisporium.
Answer:
(b) Megaspore mother cell

Question 9.
Development of sporophyte without the fusion of a gamete is called:
(a) Apomixis
(b) Apospory
(c) Apogamy
(d) Pollination.
Answer:
(c) Apogamy

Question 10.
Male gametes are found in angiospermic plants :
(a) In pollengrain
(b) In anther
(c) In ovule
(d) All of these
Answer:
(a) In pollengrain

Question 11.
The function of pollentube is:
(a) Help in pollination
(b) Protection of stigma
(c) Male gamete carrier
(d) All of these
Answer:
(c) Male gamete carrier

Question 12.
Tapetum is a part of:
(a) Male gametophyte
(b) Female gametophyte
(c) Ovary wall
(d) Anther wall.
Answer:
(d) Anther wall.

Question 13.
Cotyledons is situated in monocots:
(a) Axial
(b) Terminal
(c) Basal
(d) In Any Position
Answer:
(a) Axial

Question 14.
Which type of pollination found in sunflower:
(a) Self pollination
(b) Cross pollination
(c) All of the above
(d) None of these.
Answer:
(c) All of the above

Question 15.
Endospermic nucleus are :
(a) Haploid
(b) Diploid
(c)Triploid
(d) None of these.
Answer:
(b) Diploid

Question 16.
Double fertilization is discoverd by: :
(a) By Navaschin
(b) Leuwenhock
(c) Strasburger
(d) Hofmeister.
Answer:
(a) By Navaschin

Question 17.
The type of pollination in which genetically different pollen grains are brought to
stigma is : (AMU 2012)
(a) Xenogamy
(b) Geitonogamy
(c) Cleistogamy
(d) Dichogamy. ,
Answer:
(a) Xenogamy

Question 18.
If the number of chromosome in root cell is 14 then what will be the number of chromosome in synergid cell of in ovule of that parent (BHU2012)
(a) 14
(b) 21
(c) 7
(d) 28.
Answer:
(c)7

Question 19.
Presence of many embryo (Polyembryony) is characters tic feature of: (BHU2012)
(a) Citrus
(b) Mango
(c) Banana
(d) None of these.
Answer:
(a) Citrus

Question 20.
Sporopollenin is formed by the polymerisation of : (BHU2012)
(a) Fat and Phenol
(b) Carotenoid and Fat
(c) Fat and Ester
(d) Carotenoid and Ester.
Answer:
(a) Fat and Phenol

2. Fill in the Blanks:

1. The main function of endosperm in a seed is the storage of ………………
2. Pollination takes place by the agency of bird is called ………………
3. Apple is an example of fruit. ………………
4. Tissue on which ovules are attached is called ………………
5. ……………… types stamens are found in sunflower.
6. In plants development of fruit takes place from ………………
7. One cotyledon of maize is called ………………
8. Tetradynamous stamens are found in ………………
9. ………………is thin in endospermic seed.
10. In ovule …………….. is joined with funiculus.
11. Anther is ……………… in angiospermic plants.
12. ……………… type of pollination are found in Typha.
13. ……………… pollination is occurs in Salvia.
14. Outer wall of pollen grain is called ………………
15. Process of seedless fruit is called ………………

Answer:

1. Food material
2. Omithophilly
3. False
4. Placenta
5. Syngenecious
6. Ovary
7. Scutellum
8. Mustard
9. Cell wall
10. Hylum
11. Reproductive organ
12. Joint
13. Insect
14. Exine
15. Parthenocarpy.

3. Match the Following:

Answer:

1. (e)
2. (d)
3. (b)
4. (a)
5. (c)

4. Answer in One Word/Sentence:

1. Name the four whorls of flower.
2. Give the term for plants which produce flower and fruits many times.
3. Name the outer coat of the seed.
4. Give example of plant in which flowers are pollinated by bat.
5. Give the term used for similar calyx and corolla.
6. What parts of the plant produce seed and fruit after fertilization?
7. Name the type of pollination carried out of bat.
8. Give the term for fruit development without fertilization.

Answer:

1. Calyx, Corolla, Androecium and Gynoecium
2. Perrenial plants
3. Seed coat
4. Kadamb
5. Petalloid
6. Ovary
7. Chiropteriphilly
8. Parthenocarpy.

Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Development of female gametophyte occurs in which cell?
Answer:
By functional megaspore mother cell.

Question 2.
What is the other name of female gametophyte?
Answer:
Embryo sac.

Question 3.
Ovule derives nourishment from which part of the carpel?
Answer:
Ovule derives nourishment from placenta.

Question 4.
What are cleistogamous flowers ? Give an example.
Answer:
The flowers which do not open are called cleistogamous flowers, e.g. Commelina

Question 5.
What is the substance found on the exine of pollen grains?
Answer:
Sparopollenin.

Question 6.
Give the characters of wind pollinated flowers.
Answer:
White in colour, small in size and pollengrains are formed in large number.

Question 7.
What is the ploidy of angiospermic endosperm?
Answer:
Triploid.

Question 8.
Give an example of a monocotyledonous endospermic seed.
Answer:
Ricinus.

Question 9.
Give example of two false fruit.
Answer:
Apple, Jackfruit.

Question 10.
What are monocious plants?
Answer:
Plants which has both male and female flower.

Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is parthenogenesis ?
Answer:
Parthenogenesis : It is the method of reproduction in which ovum develops into embryo and forms a new plant without fertilization. It has been observed that pollination is necessary for parthenogenesis. It stimulates the process. Ulothrix, Spirogyra and Solan- aceae and Malvaceae family plants reproduce by this method.
Sometimes in some plants ovary also develops into fruit during this process. Such fruits are called as parthenocarpic fruits.
Example: Banana, Apple, Grapes, Guava etc. shows parthenocarpic fruits.

Question 2.
What is Polyembryony?
Answer:
Polyembryony : When more than one embryo develops in one seed then this condition is called as Polyembryony. It is generally found in citrus family. It is also found in Nicotiana, conifers, rice, wheat. It occurs when fertilization occurs in all embryo sacs found in the ovule.

Question 3.
Describe structure of anther with labelled diagram.
Answer:
Structure of Anther : Transverse section of anther shows that it consists of 2 lobes which are connected by connective. Each lobe contains two Pollen sacs. Innermost layer of pollen sac is called as Tapetum.

Tapetum is a layer rich in nutritive contents which supplies food material for the developing pollen grains. At first many Pollen mother cells are formed in them which divides meiotically to form haploid pollen grains.

Question 4.
Give four contrivances for self pollination.
Answer:
Contrivances for self-pollination:
(1) Bisexuality : When male and female parts are found in same flower then possibility of self-pollination increases.

(2) Cieistogamy : In Commelina benghalensis both cleistogamous and chasmogamous flowers are produced. The former are the underground flowers and the latter are the aerial ones developed on branches. In the small, inconspicuous cleistogamous flowers the pollen are shed within the closed flowers so that self-pollination is a must. This is also observed in Impatiens, Oxalis, Viola, Portulaca etc.

(3) Homogamy : Here the stamens and carpels mature at the same time. So, there is a greater chance of self-pollination as compared to cross-pollination, e.g., Mirabilis, Argemone etc.

(4) Failure of cross pollination : In some flowers generally cross pollination occurs but if they fails to do cross pollination then self-pollination occurs.

Question 5.
What do you mean by micropropagation?
Answer:
Micropropagation : It is a modern method of reproduction. By this process thousands of new plants can be obtained from few tissues of mother plant. This method is based on tissue and cell culture technique.
In this process a small part of tissue is separated from the plant and then it is grown in nutrient medium in aseptic condition. The tissue develops to form a cluster of cells which is called as callus. This callus can be preserved for long time for multiplication. A small part of the callus is transferred to nutrient medium, where it grows into a new plant. This plant is then transferred to the field. By this process Orchids, Carnations, Chrysanthemum plants can be grown successfully.

Question 6.
What are the advantages of cross-pollination ?
Answer:
Advantages of cross-pollination:

• The weaker characteristics of the race elimi¬nated and replaced by better character of nature.
• New improved varieties cap be produced by cross-pollination. ‘
• It increases the adaptability of the offsprings.
• Seeds are more vigorous.

Question 7.
What is fertilization? Draw labelled diagram showing path of pollen tube during fertilization.
Or
What do you mean by sexual reproduction? Describe the process of fertilization in plants with the help of diagram or sexual reproduction.
Answer:
Fertilization : The process of fusion of male and female gamete is called as fertilization or sexual reproduction. As a result of this process a diploid zygote is formed.

Question 8.
Differences between self and cross pollination
Answer:
Differences between Self and Cross poltination :

No.	Self pollination	Cross pollination
1.	It is the process of transfer of pollen grains from one flower to the stigma of same flower of same plant.	Transfer of pollen grains from one flower to the stigma of flower of another plant.
2.	Medium is not reqired	Medium is required
3.	Plants do not show any special chara cter.	Attractive, coloured,scent or honey bearing flowers are produced to attract insect.
4.	Less number of pollen grains are produced.	More number of pollen grains are produced.

Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is self-pollination ? Give advantages and disadvantages of self pollination.
Answer:
Self-pollination : When the pollen grain of one flower are transferred to the stigma of the same flower then the process is called as self-pollination.

Advantages of self-pollination:
These are the advantages of self pollination:

• Parental characters can be preserved indefinitely in several generations.
• Self-pollination helps in maintaining pure lines for experimental hybridization.
• It is most economical method of pollination. The plants do not consume their energies in the production of
• large number of pollen grains, nectar and coloured corolla.
• It ensures seed production and flowers do not take chances of the failure of fertilization.

Disadvantages of self-pollination:
These are the disadvantages of self-pollination :

• The weaker characteristics or defects of the plant can never be eliminated from the race.
• No useful characters can be introduced in the race.
• The immunity of race towards diseases falls and ultimately it falls prey to many diseases.

Question 2.
What is double fertilization?
Or
Explain double fertilization in angiosperms.
Answer:
Double fertilization : It is found in all angiospermic plants. It was first discovered by S.N. Navaschin (1899) in Lilium and Fritillaria. When pollen tube come in contact of embryo sac then the tip of the pollen tube disintegrate and release two male gametes into the embryo sac. Out of which one male gamete (x) fuses with egg cell (x) to form a diploid zygote. This process is called as fertilization. The second male gamete (x) fuses with secondary nuclei (2x) to form a triploid body.
The act of two nuclear fusion is called as double fertilization.

Question 3.
Describe development of embryo sac or Female gametophyte in angiosperms.
Answer:
Development of embryo sac or Female gametophyte in angiosperms :
During the initial stage of development of ovule primary archesporial cell gets demarcated at the apex of the nucellus below the epidermis. It divides periclinally into a outer primary parietal cell or primary wall cell and an inner primary sporogenous cell. The later acts as a megaspore mother cell which enlarges in size and divide meiotically to form a row of four megaspores. Of the four cells the upper three cells degenerate and appear as dark caps while the lowest one functions arid is called the functional megaspore. The latter greatly enlarges and forms the embryo sac.

Question 4.
Describe development of Endosperm.
Answer:
Development of Endosperm : It develops from the triploid tissue of the fertilized embryo sac after the act of double fertilization. It is of the following three types:

1. Free nuclear endosperm.
2. Cellular type of endosperm.
3. Helobial type of endosperm.

The name refers to the type of nuclear divisions of the endosperm nucleus. If triploid nucleus divides by free nuclear division the endosperm produced contains many nuclei lying freely in it and hence it is termed as free nuclear endosperm. If the nuclear division is followed by wall formation it is called as cellular type. If endosperm is intermediate between the two types it is called as helobial type.


Question 5.
What is male gametogenesis ? Describe male gametogenesis in plants.
Or
Describe development of pollen grain.
Answer:
Male gametogenesis: The process of formation of male gametes is called as male gametogenesis or microsporogenesis.

Each anther usually consists of two lobes, connected together by a connective. Each lobe contains two sacs called as Pollen sac. In the early stage of development the anther comprises of a homogenous mass of cells limited by a well demarcated epidermis. During the course of development the anther gets four lobed. Each lobe exhibits a hypodermal lining, few cells thick with distinct nuclei. These hypodermal cells constitute the archesporium. The cell of archesporium divide periclinally, cutting of parietal cells towards the periphery and sporogenous cells within it two chambers or loculi, which are termed as pollen sacs or microsporangia.

Fig. Development of Pollen grain : (A) Formation of Pollen lobes, (B) Archesporial cell, (C) and (D) Division in Parietal cell, (E) and (F) Parietal layer : Tapetum sporogenous tissue (G), (H) and (I) Pollen mother cell, (J) Pollen grain, (K) Outer layer Degenerate, (L) Four free Pollen grains.

Besides the above changes in the wall layers the sporogenous layer comprising of primary sporogenous cells also undergo several divisions to form microspore mother cells or pollen mother cells. In the initial stage the microspore mother cells are closely packed but as the anther enlarges the pollen sac becomes spacious and the pollen mother cells assume spherical shape and get loosely arranged.

In many cases some of the sporogenous cells are nonfunctional and serve only as the nutritive material for the functional microspore mother cells. Each microspore mother cell is diploid in nature and by a single meiotic division give rise to four haploid nuclei. The four nuclei so formed are arranged tetrahedrally, and called as Tetrad. Innermost layer of pollen sac is called as Tapetum. Outer to which endothecium layer is formed. In outer most layer of pollen sac epidermis is formed. Surrounding each nuclei exine and intine are formed, now each structure is called as Pollen grain. Pollen grains are liberated during the dehiscence of anthers through stomium.

Question 6.
Differenciate between:
(i) Embryo sac and Endosperm
(ii) Seed and Ovule
Answer:
(i) Difference between Embryosac and Endosperm:

No.	Embryo sac	Endosperm
1.	It is haploid structure.	It is triploid structure.
2.	It is found in ovule.	It is found in seed.
3.	It is formed before fertilization.	It is formed after fertilization.
4.	Nutritive materials are stored.	Nutritive materials are not stored.
5.	It consists antipodal cells, egg cell, synergid cells and two polar nuclei.	Antipodal cells, egg cell, synergid cells are absent and all cells are similar.

(ii) Difference between Seed and Ovule

No.	Seed	Ovule
1.	It is formed in the fruit seed is formed after fertilization of ovule.	Before fertilization ovule is found into the ovary called mega sporangium.
2.	Seed is surrounded by integument. Outer covering is called outer integument and inner covering is called inner integument.	Nucellus is present below the ovule and is surrounded by inner and outer covering.
3.	Embryosac is absent in seed.	Embryosac is present in ovule.
4.	Embryo is present in seed	Embryo is absent in ovule.
5.	Endosperm may be found in seed	Endosperm is not found in ovule.
6.	Seed make a new plant	Ovule is not germinate.

MP Board Class 12th Biology Solutions